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Studi Clinici
Sono presentati qui di seguito astratti per gli studi clinici su Cardamom.
Impianto Phytonutrient Profilo
1: Bull Entomol Res. 2006 Feb;96(1):91/8.
Midgut proteases of the cardamom shoot and capsule borer Conogethes
punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their interaction with aprotinin.
Josephrajkumar A, Chakrabarty R, Thomas G.
Cardamom Research station, Pampadumpara 685 556, Idukki District, Kerala, India.
entojoe2003@yahoo.co.in
Protease inhibitors cause mortality in a range of insects, and transgenic plants
expressing protease inhibitors have been protected against pest attack,
particularly internal feeders that are not amenable to control by conventional
means. A study of luminal proteases in Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee was
performed to identify potential targets for proteinaceous biopesticides, such as
protease inhibitors. The midgut protease profile of the gut lumen from C.
punctiferalis was studied to determine the conditions for optimal protein
hydrolysis. Optimum conditions for peptidase activity were found to be in 50 mm
Tris/HCl, pH 10 containing 20 mm CaCl2; incubation for 30 min at 40 degrees C.
Four synthetic substrates, i.e. benzoyl/arg/p/nitroanilide,
benzoyl/tyr/p/nitroanilide, succinyl/ala/ala/pro/leu/p/nitroanilide (SAAPLpNA)
and leu/p/nitroanilide were hydrolysed by C. punctiferalis gut proteases in
Tris/HCl buffer pH 10. Trypsin and elastase/like chymotrypsin were the prominent
digestive proteases, and age/related modulation of midgut proteases existed for
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase/like chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase.
Serine protease inhibitors such as aprotinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor and
phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride inhibited peptidase activity. Some metal ions
such as Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Pb(2+) and Co(2+) enhanced BApNA/ase activity whereas
others like Mn(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+) and Hg(2+) were inhibitory at 6 mm
concentration. Trypsin and elastase/like chymotrypsin were significantly
inhibited by 94% and 29%, respectively, by aprotinin (150 nm) under in vitro
conditions. A possible incorporation of protease inhibitors into transgenic
plants is discussed.
PMID: 16441909 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Phytother Res. 2005 Nov;19(11):988/91.
In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used
traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Stoia A, Hamill FA, Fabricant D, Dietz BM, Chadwick LR.
Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street M/C 877, 60612, USA. mahady@uic.edu
The gram/negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HP), identified in 1982, is now
recognized as the primary etiological factor associated with the development of
gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. In addition, HP infections are also
associated with chronic gastritis, gastric carcinoma and primary gastric B/cell
lymphoma. For centuries, herbals have been used in traditional medicine to treat
a wide range of ailments, including gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as
dyspepsia, gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). However, the mechanism of
action by which these botanicals exert their therapeutic effects has not been
completely elucidated. As part of an ongoing screening program, the study
assessed the in vitro susceptibility of 15 HP strains to botanical extracts,
which have a history of traditional use in the treatment of GI disorders.
Methanol extracts of Myristica fragrans (seed) had a MIC of 12.5 microg/mL;
Zingiber officinale (ginger rhizome/root) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary
leaf) had an MIC of 25 microg/mL. Methanol extracts of botanicals with a MIC of
50 microg/mL included Achillea millefolium, Foeniculum vulgare (seed),
Passiflora incarnata (herb), Origanum majorana (herb) and a (1:1) combination of
Curcuma longa (root) and ginger rhizome. Botanical extracts with a MIC of 100
microg/mL included Carum carvi (seed), Elettaria cardamomum (seed), Gentiana
lutea (roots), Juniper communis (berry), Lavandula angustifolia (flowers),
Melissa officinalis (leaves), Mentha piperita (leaves) and Pimpinella anisum
(seed). Methanol extracts of Matricaria recutita (flowers) and Ginkgo biloba
(leaves) had a MIC > 100 microg/mL.
PMID: 16317658 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
3: J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Jan 16;103(2):149/53. Epub 2005 Nov 17.
Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton. fruits in rats.
Jamal A, Javed K, Aslam M, Jafri MA.
Department of Ilmul Advia, Faculty of Medicine (Unani), Jamia Hamdard, New
Delhi/110 062, India.
Cardamom, the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (Zingiberaceae) commonly
known as "Heel khurd" is used in Unani system of medicine to treat
gastrointestinal disorders. A crude methanolic extract (TM), essential oil (EO),
petroleum ether soluble (PS) and insoluble (PI) fractions of methanolic extract,
were studied in rats at doses of 100/500, 12.5/50, 12.5/150 and 450 mg/kg,
respectively for their ability to inhibit the gastric lesions induced by
aspirin, ethanol and pylorous ligature. In addition their effects on wall mucus
and gastric acid output were recorded. All fractions (TM, EO, PS, PI)
significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and aspirin but not
those induced by pylorus ligation. TM proved to be active reducing lesions by
about 70% in the EtOH/induced ulcer model at 500 mg/kg. The PS fraction reduced
the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100mg/kg (no dose response was observed) with
similar effect than the PI fraction at 450 mg/kg. In the aspirin/induced gastric
ulcer, the best gastroprotective effect was found in the PS fraction, which
inhibited lesions by nearly 100% at 12.5mg/kg. In our experimental conditions,
the PS extract at doses >or=12.5mg/kg proved to be more active than ranitidine
at 50mg/kg.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16298093 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
4: Phytother Res. 2005 Jul;19(7):633/42.
The use of health foods, spices and other botanicals in the Sikh community in
London.
Sandhu DS, Heinrich M.
Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of
London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
Attitudes and practice concerning complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
are currently an area of considerable interest. However, little is known about
the overall importance of such practices, for example, in immigrant communities
such as the Sikh (Punjabi) British. The use of CAM in immigrants belonging to
the Sikh religion in London was studied. The primary objective was to analyse
the extent to which traditional medicine is used and understood by this
population. Traditional Sikh medicine is important to this group of informants
and a total of 42 species were recorded and identified tentatively. The most
frequently mentioned species were Allium cepa (onion // gunda), Allium sativum
(garlic // lasan, thon), Capsicum frutescens (cayenne pepper // lalmirch),
Cinnamomum verum (cinnamom//dhal chini), Citrus limon (lemon // nimbu),
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel // saunf), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom // elaichi)
and Zingiber officinale (ginger // adrak). The study also highlights the rapid
change this tradition is undergoing in a diaspora situation.In depth studies on
the use of CAM among other immigrant communities and among ethnic groups are
urgent and may help to manage better the treatment of minor ailments as well as
chronic diseases. Specifically, more research on traditional and herbal remedies
amongst the numerous ethnic groups in urban Britain and how this impacts on the
use of biomedicine (e.g. as it is provided by the NHS) is essential.
PMID: 16161027 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Phytother Res. 2005 May;19(5):437/40.
Cardamom extract as inhibitor of human platelet aggregation.
Suneetha WJ, Krishnakantha TP.
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research
Institute, Mysore 570 020, India.
The inhibitory activity of cardamom extract was studied on human platelets.
Platelet aggregation and lipid peroxidation were evaluated with platelet rich
plasma (PRP) and platelet membranes, respectively, obtained from blood of
healthy volunteers. Human platelets were subjected to stimulation with a variety
of agonists including ADP (2.5 mM), epinephrine (2.5 mM), collagen (10 mM),
calcium ionophore A 23187 (6 microM) and ristocetin (1.25 microg/mL). The IC50
were 0.49, 0.21, 0.55 and 0.59 mg with ADP, epinephrine, collagen and calcium
ionophore A 23187, respectively, and no inhibition with ristocetin. The
inhibitory effect was dose dependent with concentrations varying between 0.14
and 0.70 mg and time dependent at IC50. Lipid peroxidation induced by
iron//ascorbic acid system in platelet membranes was analysed with
malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index. An increase in concentration of cardamom has
decreased the MDA formation significantly. Hence, it may be said that aqueous
extract of cardamom may have component(s), which protect platelets from
aggregation and lipid peroxidation. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16106388 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005 Apr/Jun;6(2):118/22.
Dietary cardamom inhibits the formation of azoxymethane/induced aberrant crypt
foci in mice and reduces COX/2 and iNOS expression in the colon.
Sengupta A, Ghosh S, Bhattacharjee S.
Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute,
Kolkata 700026, India. archana_sen@yahoo.com
Recently, considerable attention has been focused on identifying naturally
occurring chemopreventive compounds capable of inhibiting, retarding, or
reversing the multi/step carcinogenesis. The primary aim of the present study
was to identify the effects of a commonly consumed spice, viz., cardamom against
azoxymethane (AOM) induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Swiss Albino
mice. The secondary aim, was to explore the ability of cardamom to modulate the
status of proliferation and apoptosis, and to understand its role in altering
cyclooxygenase/2 (COX/2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.
Male Swiss albino mice were injected with AOM (dose: 5mg/Kg body weight) or
saline (Group 1) weekly once for two weeks. The AOM/injected mice were randomly
assigned to two groups (Groups 2 and 3). While all the groups were on standard
lab chow, Group 3 received oral doses of 0.5% cardamom, in aqueous suspension,
daily for 8 weeks. Following treatment, significant reduction in the incidences
of aberrant crypt foci (p<0.05) was observed. This reduction in ACF was
accompanied by suppression of cell proliferation (mean Brdu LI in carcinogen
control =13.91+//3.31, and 0.5% cardamom =2.723+//0.830) and induction of
apoptosis (mean AI in carcinogen control=1.547+//0.42 and 0.5% cardamom =
6.61+//0.55). Moreover, reduction of both COX/2 and iNOS expression was also
observed. These results suggest that aqueous suspensions of cardamom have
protective effects on experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis. Cardamom as a
whole and its active components require further attention if the use of this
spice is to be recommended for cancer prevention.
PMID: 16101317 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
7: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 6;52(20):6278/82.
Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Elettaria
cardamomum (L.) Maton.
Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S.
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella
Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554, km 4,500, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
The volatile oil of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton seeds was obtained by
supercritical CO(2) extraction (SC/CO(2)). The effect of the extraction
conditions on the yield and composition of the resulting cardamom volatile oil
was examined by testing two pressure values, 9.0 and 11.0 MPa; two temperatures,
40 and 50 degrees C; two flow rate values, 0.6 and 1.2 kg/h; and two particles
size values, 250/425 and >850 microm. The extraction conditions that gave the
highest yield, Y (grams of extract per gram of seeds), of 5.5%, were as follows:
pressure, 9.0 MPa; temperature, 40 degrees C; carbon dioxide flow, phi = 1.2
kg/h; and particles sizes in the range of 250/425 microm. Waxes, recovered as
traces, were entrapped in the first separator set at 9.0 MPa and /10 degrees C.
The oil was recovered in the second separator working at 1.5 MPa and 10 degrees
C. The main components were as follows: alpha/terpinyl acetate, 42.3%;
1,8/cineole, 21.4%; linalyl acetate, 8.2%; limonene, 5.6%; and linalool, 5.4%. A
comparison with the hydrodistilled oil, obtained at a yield of 5.0%, did not
reveal any consistent difference. In contrast, the extract obtained using
hexane, Y = 7.6%, showed strong composition differences. Indeed, the volatile
fraction of the extract was made up mainly of the following: limonene, 36.4%;
1,8/cineole, 23.5%; terpinolene, 8.6%; and myrcene, 6.6%.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15453700 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Toxicol Lett. 2004 Apr 1;149(1/3):197/207.
Safety evaluation of natural flavour complexes.
Smith RL, Adams TB, Cohen SM, Doull J, Feron VJ, Goodman JI, Hall RL, Marnett
LJ, Portoghese PS, Waddell WJ, Wagner BM.
Division of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Molecular Toxicology, Imperial
College School of Medicine, South Kensington, London, UK.
Natural flavour complexes (NFCs) are chemical mixtures obtained by applying
physical separation methods to botanical sources. Many NFCs are derived from
foods. In the present paper, a 12/step procedure for the safety evaluation of
NFCs, 'the naturals paradigm', is discussed. This procedure, which is not
intended to be viewed as a rigid check list, begins with a description of the
chemical composition of the commercial product, followed by a review of the data
on the history of dietary use. Next, each constituent of an NFC is assigned to
one of 33 congeneric groups of structurally related substances and to one of
three classes of toxic potential, each with its own exposure threshold of
toxicological concern. The group of substances of unknown structure is placed in
the class of greatest toxic potential. In subsequent steps, for each congeneric
group the procedure determines the per capita intake, considers metabolic
pathways and explores the need and availability of toxicological data.
Additional toxicological and analytical data may be required for a comprehensive
safety evaluation. The procedure concludes with an evaluation of the NFC in its
entirety, also considering combined exposure to congeneric groups. The first
experiences with the use of this procedure are very promising. Future safety
evaluations of larger numbers of NFCs will indicate the usefulness of the
system, either in its present form or in a form modified on the basis of
experience.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 15093265 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
9: J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2003;17(2):85/90.
Element analysis and biological studies on ten oriental spices using XRF and
Ames test.
Al/Bataina BA, Maslat AO, Al/Kofahil MM.
Physics Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
Ten oriental spices were analyzed for their element composition using X/ray
fluorescence (XRF): nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), coriander (Coriandrum sativum),
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), caraway (Carum carvi), Sicilian sumac (Rhus
coriaria), aniseed (Anisum vulgare), black pepper (Piper nigrum), cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and nigella (Nigella sativum).
The spices were found to contain the following elements: Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl,
K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn, with varying concentrations. Mutagenic studies
using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102 showed that
the above spices have no base pair substitution mutagenic activity. However, a
weak frameshift mutagenicity has been shown by nutmeg and a very weak oxidative
mutagenic action has been revealed by cumin.
PMID: 14531636 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
10: J Biosci. 2003 Sep;28(5):589/95.
High genetic diversity in the coat protein and 3 untranslated regions among
geographical isolates of Cardamom mosaic virus from south India.
Jacob T, Jebasingh T, Venugopal MN, Usha R.
Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai 625 021, India.
A survey was conducted to study the biological and genetic diversity of Cardamom
mosaic virus (CdMV) that causes the most widespread disease in the cardamom
growing area in the Western Ghats of south India. Six distinct subgroups were
derived based on their symptomatology and host range from the sixty isolates
collected. The serological variability between the virus isolates was analysed
by ELISA and Western blotting. The 3 terminal region consisting of the coat
protein (CP) coding sequence and 3 untranslated region (3 UTR) was cloned and
sequenced from seven isolates. Sequence comparisons revealed considerable
genetic diversity among the isolates in their CP and 3 UTR, making CdMV one of
the highly variable members of Potyviridae. The possible occurrence of
recombination between the isolates and the movement of the virus in the cardamom
tract of south India are discussed.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 14517362 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
11: Ann Bot (Lond). 2002 Mar;89(3):273/82.
Performance of an age series of Alnus/cardamom plantations in the Sikkim
Himalaya: nutrient dynamics.
Sharma G, Sharma R, Sharma E, Singh KK.
G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Gangtok, Sikkim,
India.
Nutrient cycling, nutrient use efficiency and nitrogen fixation in an age series
of Alnus/cardamom plantations were studied in the eastern Himalaya. The impact
of stand age (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 years) on the nutrient dynamics of
mixtures of N2/fixing (Alnus nepalensis) and non/N2/fixing (large cardamom)
plants was assessed. Foliar nutrient concentrations of Alnus decreased with
advancing age groups of plantations and showed an inverse relationship with
stand age. Annual N fixation increased from the 5/year/old stand (52 kg ha(/1)),
peaking in the 15/year/old stand (155 kg ha(/1)) and then decreased with
increasing plantation age. Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake was lowest in the
40/year/old stand, and highest in the 15/ and 5/year/old stand, respectively.
Nutrient storage in understorey cardamom was very high: up to 31 % N and 59 % P
of the stand total in the 15/year/old stand. Nutrient use efficiency was higher
(with faster turnover times) in younger stands and decreased (with slower
turnover times) in older plantations. Nitrogen retranslocation showed a strong
positive relationship with stand age, while that of P was inversely related to
stand age. Nutrient standing stock, uptake and return were also highest in the
15/year/old stand. Nitrogen and P cycling in Alnus/cardamom plantations was
functionally balanced. Nutrient cycling and dynamics indicated that
Alnus/cardamom plantations performed sustainably up to 15/20 years. The
management practice should be altered to incorporate replantation after this
age.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12096739 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Ann Bot (Lond). 2002 Mar;89(3):261/72.
Performance of an age series of alnus/cardamom plantations in the Sikkim
Himalaya: productivity, energetics and efficiencies.
Sharma G, Sharma E, Sharma R, Singh KK.
G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Gangtok, Sikkim,
India.
Biomass, net primary productivity, energetics and energy efficiencies were
estimated in an age series of Alnus/cardamom plantations in the eastern
Himalaya. The impact of stand age (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 years) on the
performance of mixtures of N2/fixing (Alnus nepalensis) and non/N2/fixing (large
cardamom) plants was studied. Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) is the most
important perennial cash crop in the region and is cultivated predominantly
under Alnus trees. Net primary productivity was lowest (7 t ha(/1) per year) in
the 40/year/old stand and was more than three times higher (22 t ha(/1) per
year) in the 15/year/old stand. Agronomic yield of large cardamom peaked between
15 and 20 years of age. Cardamom productivity doubled from the 5/ to the
15/year/old stand, and then decreased with plantation age to reach a minimum in
the 40/year/old stand. Performance of cardamom in association of N2/fixing Alnus
remained beneficial until 20 years of age. Annual net energy fixation was
highest (444 x 10(6) kJ ha(/1) per year) in the 15/year/old stand, being 1.4
times that of the 5/year/old stand and 2.9/times that of the 40/year/old stand.
Inverse relationships of production efficiency, energy conversion efficiency and
energy utilized in N2/fixation against stand age, and a positive relationship
between production efficiency and energy conversion efficiency suggest that the
younger plantations are more productive. The Alnus/cardamom plantation system
will be sustainable by adopting a rotational cycle of 15 to 20 years.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12096738 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
13: Virus Res. 2002 Jun;86(1/2):133/41.
Expression of Cardamom mosaic virus coat protein in Escherichia coli and its
assembly into filamentous aggregates.
Jacob T, Usha R.
Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj
University, Madurai, India.
Cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV), a member of the genus Macluravirus of Potyviridae,
causes a mosaic disease in cardamom. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against
the purified virus and IgG was prepared. Electron microscopic studies on the
purified virus showed flexuous filamentous particles of approximately 800 nm in
length, typical of members of Potyviridae. The coat protein (CP) encoding
sequence of the virus was expressed in Escherichia coli and the protein purified
by affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. The viral nature of the
expressed CP was confirmed by positive reaction with anti CdMV IgG in a Western
blot. The expressed CP aggregated irreversibly upon renaturation at
concentrations above 0.07 mg/ml. The expression of the CP led to the formation
of filamentous aggregates in E. coli as observed by immuno/gold electron
microscopy. The filamentous aggregates were of 100/150 nm in length.
Immuno/capture RT/PCR confirmed the absence of coat protein mRNA in the
filamentous aggregates. Deletion mutations, which were expected to inhibit virus
assembly, were introduced in the core region of the coat protein. However, these
mutations did not improve the solubility of the CP in non/denaturing buffers.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12076837 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2002 May/Jun;115(5/6):200/2.
[Influence of spiced feed additives on taste of hen's eggs]
[Article in German]
Richter T, Braun P, Fehlhaber K.
Institut fur Lebensmittelhygiene, Veterinarmedizinische Fakultat, Universitat
Leipzig.
The effect of the spices garlic (Allium sativum), extract from garlic, sage
(Salvia officinalis), caraway (Carum carvi), peppermint (Mentha piperita),
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), paprika (Capsicum annuum),
marjoram (Majorana hortensis), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and sausage/mix
fed to white hybrides on the quality of eggs (n = 705) was tested by 10
qualified persons. Changes in smell or taste were partly significant; a direct
improvement is hard to induce. A well seasoned taste was obtained by feeding of
garlic, fennel, peppermint and marjoram. They produce an aromatic flavor. A
practical application is possible but limited by higher production prices.
Further, it is uncertain if there is a need for "taste/manipulated" eggs.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 12058595 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Virus Genes. 2001;23(1):81/8.
3'/Terminal sequence analysis of the RNA genome of the Indian isolate of
cardamom mosaic virus: a new member of genus Macluravirus of potyviridae.
Jacob T, Usha R.
Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj
University, India.
Cardamom mosaic virus, a possible member of the family Potyviridae has been
associated with the mosaic disease (Katte disease) of small cardamom in India. A
virus isolated from the symptomatic cardamom leaves was positive in ELISA only
with antiserum to the Guatemalan isolate of cardamom mosaic virus and not with a
number of other potyviruses. The size of the viral RNA (8.5 kb) and the
molecular weight of the coat protein (CP) (38 kDa) were determined. A 1.8/kb
product containing the partial nuclear inclusion body (NIb) gene, the entire
coat protein gene and the 3' untranslated region (UTR) was amplified by reverse
transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned and sequenced.
The viral origin of the clone was confirmed by Northern hybridization with viral
RNA. The experimentally determined N/terminal sequence of the CP matched with
the deduced amino acid sequence of the CP gene. Sequence analysis of the clone
suggests that the cardamom mosaic virus is a member of the Maclurvirus genus of
the family Potyviridae.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11556406 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
16: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001 Apr;47(2):167/71.
1,1/Diphenyl/2/picrylhydrazyl radical/scavenging active compounds from greater
cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.).
Kikuzaki H, Kawai Y, Nakatani N.
Division of Food and Health Science, Graduate School of Human Life Science,
Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, Japan.
Constituents of the fruits of greater cardamom (Amomum subulatum) were
fractionated into three fractions, the dichloromethane extract, and the ethyl
acetate/soluble and water/soluble fractions of the 70% aqueous acetone extract.
The ethyl acetate/soluble fraction showed a high radical/scavenging activity
against 1,1/diphenyl/2/picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Four compounds were isolated from
the ethyl acetate/soluble fraction, and their structures were ascribed to
protocatechualdehyde (1), protocatechuic acid (2),
1,7/bis(3,4/dihydroxyphenyl)hepta/4E,6E/dien/3/one (3) and
2,3,7/trihydroxy/5/(3,4/dihydroxy/E/styryl)/6,7,8,9/tetrahydro/5H/benzocyclohept
ene (4) on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. This is the first isolation of
these compounds from greater cardamom. In particular, 4 was a new type of cyclic
diarylheptanoid. DPPH radical/scavenging activity of these compounds was
measured by colorimetric analysis. Compounds 1 and 3 showed stronger activity
than such natural antioxidants as alpha/tocopherol and L/ascorbic acid.
Compounds 2 and 4 were comparable to alpha/tocopherol and L/ascorbic acid.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11508709 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
17: Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Nov;23(11):1357/62.
Passive and iontophoretic delivery of three diclofenac salts across various skin
types.
Fang J, Wang R, Huang Y, Wu PC, Tsai Y.
School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih/Chuan 1st Road,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
The in vitro permeation of three diclofenac salts//diclofenac sodium (DFS),
diclofenac potassium (DFP) and diclofenac diethylammonium (DFD)/across skin by
both passive and iontophoretic transport were investigated. Various skin types
were used as the barriers to elucidate the mechanism controlling transdermal
delivery of diclofenac salts. The importance of the intercellular (paracellular)
route for both DFS and DFP in passive permeation was elucidated. The
transfollicular route constitutes an important permeation pathway for DFS but
not for DFP. The route and mechanism for transdermal iontophoresis of DFD across
the skin was somewhat different to that of the other salts. Hair follicles may
be a more important pathway for DFD than for DFS and DFP under iontophoresis,
while the intercellular lipid pathway showed the opposite result. Combination of
iontophoresis and a penetration enhancer, cardamom oil, did not show a
synergistic effect on diclofenac salt permeation. The results of this
investigation suggest that the transdermal mechanism and the route of diclofenac
salt uptake via passive and iontophoretic transport can be affected by their
counterions.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11085366 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2000 Apr/Jun;19(2):53/6.
Influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion
in anesthetized albino rats.
Vasudevan K, Vembar S, Veeraraghavan K, Haranath PS.
Department of Pharmacology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalainagar.
BACKGROUND: The effect of spices on gastric acid secretion is variable. Their
mechanism of action is also not well established. AIM: To study the effect of
spices on gastric acid secretion in anesthetized rats. METHODS: Aqueous extracts
(10% w/v) of red pepper (Capsicum annuum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare),
omum/ajwan (Carum copticum), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), black pepper
(Piper nigrum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) were
prepared. The stomach of pentobarbitone/anesthetized rats was perfused at 0.15
mL/min with aqueous extracts of spice or acetylcholine (1 microgram/mL or 10
micrograms/mL solutions, in 40 min blocks, twice in each experiment bracketed by
saline perfusions. The acid content in the samples was estimated by titration
with 0.1N NaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator. Atropine 1 microgram/mL was
added to the perfusion fluid in 28 experiments. In 32, acute gastric mucosal
injury was induced by leaving aspirin 125 mg/Kg in the stomach for 2 h before
perfusion. RESULTS: All the spices tested increased acid secretion in the
following declining order: red pepper, fennel, omum, cardamom, black pepper,
cumin, coriander. Red pepper increased acid secretion (mean [SEM] 0.93 [0.16] mL
0.1N HCl) to about 7 times the basal secretion (0.14 [0.05]; p < 0.005). The
increase in acid secretion by the other spices was as follows: fennel 0.42
(0.11) mL 0.1 N HCl from basal secretion (0.12 [0.03]) (p < 0.02); omum 0.33
(0.05) from 0.09 (0.02) (p < 0.01); cardamom 0.28 (0.04) from 0.10 (0.03) (p <
0.005); black pepper 0.19 (0.03) from 0.04 (0.01) (p < 0.005); cumin 0.12 (0.02)
from 0.08 (0.01) (p < 0.05); coriander 0.18 (0.03) from 0.09 (0.02) (p < 0.005).
Atropine abolished the acid secretion induced by acetylcholine and significantly
reduced acid induction by red pepper, omum and coriander, but not that by
fennel. In experiments with aspirin/induced mucosal injury the basal acid
secretion was low; acid secretion by red pepper and fennel was reduced
significantly, but not that by acetylcholine. Cumin and coriander increased acid
secretion in injured stomachs. CONCLUSION: The spices tested increased gastric
acid secretion, in some by a cholinergic mechanism but by other mechanism(s) as
well. Red pepper produced maximum increase in acid secretion, but this was
significantly reduced in injured stomachs. Cumin and coriander increased gastric
secretion in injured stomachs.
PMID: 10812814 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Pharmacol Res. 1996 Jul/Aug;34(1/2):79/82.
Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals.
al/Zuhair H, el/Sayeh B, Ameen HA, al/Shoora H.
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
Cardamom seeds are widely used for flavouring purposes in food and as
carminative. Little information has been reported on their pharmacological and
toxicological properties or, for their volatile oil which constitutes about 5%
of the seed's total weight. A comparative study of the anti/inflammatory
activity of the oil extracted from commercial Elettaria cardamomum seeds, in
doses of 175 and 280 microliters/kg and indomethacin in a dose of 30 mg/kg
against acute carrageenan/induced planter oedema in male albino rats was
performed, which proved to be marked. Moreover, investigation of the analgesic
activity using p/benzoquinone as a chemical stimulus proved that a dose of 233
microliters/kg of the oil produced 50% protection against the writhing
(stretching syndrome) induced by intraperitoneal administration of a 0.02%
solution of p/benzoquinone in mice. In addition the antispasmodic activity was
determined on a rabbit intestine preparation using acetylcholine as agonist, the
results proving that cardamom oil exerts its antispasmodic action through
muscarinic receptor blockage.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
PMID: 8981560 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1993 Jul;9(7):392/400.
Crude drug (zingiberaceae) enhancement of percutaneous absorption of
indomethacin: in vitro and in vivo permeation.
Huang YB, Hsu LR, Wu PC, Ko HM, Tsai YH.
School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
To improve drug permeation through skin, extracts of crude drugs were evaluated
using in vitro and in vivo penetration techniques with rabbit skin as a model
membrane. The acetone extract of Amomum cardamomum (ae/AC) and Elettaria
cardamomum (ae/EC) had the best effect in enhancing the penetration of
Indomethacin (IDM). The flux of IDM for the formulation containing ae/AC from pH
7.4 buffer/alcohol donor solution was 3.6 times higher than that from the 50%
alcohol donor solution. In order to confirm enhancer/skin interaction, a
microscopic study was carried out in order to determine the presence of physical
evidence in the skin caused by enhancers. A pharmacokinetic model of
percutaneous absorption of IDM after topical administration was employed on the
assumption of a zero/order penetration rate through the stratum corneum followed
by absorption into the blood by a first/order process. Good correlation was
observed between the experimental data point and simulated plasma concentration.
From the results of the study, the in vitro permeability coefficient correlates
with the in vivo penetration rate through the stratum corneum.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 8366543 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1982;16(3):229/326.
Cardamom//production, technology, chemistry, and quality.
Govindarajan VS, Narasimhan S, Raghuveer KG, Lewis YS.
Cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton var. Miniscula Burkill (Fam. Zingiberaceae)
known as true or lesser cardamom is the widely cultivated variety and important
in the world trade. It occupies a high second or third place in world trade,
being a high priced spice. It belongs to the sweet spices group and is used
predominantly to flavor sweets, baked goods, and coffee, particularly in the
Arab countries. This monograph critically reviews the post/harvest handling and
processing and the chemistry of the volatiles. The components contributing to
the characteristic aroma for which the spice is valued are specifically
considered. Gas chromatographic analysis for quality control and attempts are
evaluating the aroma quality by sensory profile are discussed in relation to
regional varieties, and processing variables. The areas in which further
research is required are indicated. The botanical and cultivation aspects and
production and trade of the different growing and consuming regions are briefly
considered. Available information on other "cardamoms" from related species and
genera are summarized.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 7039980 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Dan Tidsskr Farm. 1966 May;40(5):117/30.
[Number of stonecells per sq. mm. of the sclerenchymatous layer of Elettaria
cardamomum. An analysis of the results of the measurement of the complex by
quantitative microscopy]
[Article in Danish]
Christensen PR.
PMID: 5915788 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
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